FROM ENGR NASER DAHER 09030302775 *ORGANIC CHEMISTRY2 _SUMMARY FROM LAST CLASS_* *Carboxylic Acids* _Characteristics_ homologous series with general formula *Cn H2n+1 COOH (first series, n = 0, ascending)* They have –COOH functional group (carboxyl group) All carboxylic acids end with suffix –oic acid First three members of the series (so that you’d have idea on the next) - *Methanoic acid, HCOOH* - *Ethanoic acid, CH 3 COOH* - *Propanoic acid, C 2 H5 COOH* *PREPARATION OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS* *1. From natural gas* Natural gas is passed over air and catalyst to form ethanoic acid and water. E.g. production of ethanoic acid from methane *2CH 4 (g) + 2O 2 (g) ---> CH 3 COOH (aq) + 2H 2 O (l)* *2. Oxidation* *PROPERTIES OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS* Carboxylic acids are weak acids *(partially ionises in water)* Carboxylic acids react with metals to form *metal ethanoate (salt) and hydrogen* E.g. Reaction between calcium and ethanoic acid forming calcium ethanoate and hydrogen *Ca )(s) + 2CH3COOH (aq) ---> Ca(CH3COO) 2 (aq) + H2 (g)* Carboxylic acids react with bases to form salt and water *(neutralization)* E.g. Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium ethanoate and water. *CH3COOH (aq) + NaOH (aq) ---> CH3COONa (aq) + H2 O(g)* Carboxylic acids react with carbonates and bicarbonates to form salt, carbon dioxide and hydrogen. E.g. Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate to form sodium ethanoate and water. *2CH3COOH (aq) + Na 2 CO3 (aq) ---> 2CH3 COONa (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (g)* *ESTERIFICATION* Ester is organic compound made from carboxylic acid and alcohol with the removal of one molecule of water. Sulfuric acid is added as catalyst then heat mixture. The reaction is reversHYDROLYSISible. We can add sodium hydroxide and heat mixture to obtain carboxylic acid and alcohol from ester - *LACTONES* Lactones are cyclic esters of hydroxycarboxylic acids, containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or analogues having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring *b. PROTEINS* Proteins have similar linkage to that of a nylon. Only that their monomers are only amino acids joined together. formed by condensation polymerisation. Proteins can be called as polyamide as it has amide linkage . Proteins can also be broken down into amino acids by boiling protein with sulfuric acid. This adds water molecule into the polymer. *c. FATS* Fats have similar linkage to that of a terylene (ester linkage). Only that their monomers consists of glycerol and fatty acids; different from terylene. Fats can also be broken down to sodium salts of fatty acids and glycerol by boiling it with an acid or alkali. - This is HYDROLYSIS
FROM ENGR NASER DAHER JAMB TUTORIAL CLASS
OUR today's LECTURE IS HOT TOPICS AND POINTS ON PHYSICS
contact ENGR NASER DAHER on Facebook
Call /WHATSAPP 09030302775 to be added.
*Key Points on Jamb Physics hot topics (1 to 10)*
1) The classification of Wave are:
Mechanical Wave (E.g Water and Sound Wave)
Electromagnetic Wave (E.g Gamma and X-Rays)
Progressive/Travelling Wave (Water And Sound)
Stationary/Standing Wave (Nodes And Antinodes)
Longitudinal Wave (E.g Sound Waves)
Transverse Wave (E.g Waves in Pipe and Strings).
2) Stationary Wave occur when two interfering waves of the same amplitude and frequency travel in opposite direction.
3) Velocity of Sound In:
Air is 332m/s
Water (Liquid) is 1435m/s
Iron (Solid) is 5000m/s
4) The velocity of Echo is equal to the total distance traveled by the sound divided by the time taken.
5) The quality of sound depends on the number of overtones or harmonics. It makes it possible to distinguish between two instruments playing the same note.
6) Vibration can either be free, forced or resonance.
7) Eclipse occurs due to the travel of light in a straight line.
8) The application of plane mirrors are Periscope, Kaleidoscope and Sextant.
9) Refraction occurs at constant frequency.
10) Hydrogen spectrum has all colors of white light, Sodium vapour has yellow line (spectrum) and Mercury vapour has Blue and Green spectrum.
*Hot Points And Topics In Jamb Physics (10 to 20)*
ENGR NASER DAHER 09030302775
11) Another word for electrolysis is the chemical effect of current.
12) Passage of current through liquid doesn’t obey Ohms law.
13) Magnetic fields are oval in shape.
14) Angle of dip is 90 degree at the magnetic poles and zero at the equator.
15) The strength of Magnet is greatest at the pole.
16) All electric charges are multiples of the charges of an electron.
17) Factors affecting capacitance are: Area of plates, distance between the plates and dielectrics between the plates.
18) Examples of dielectric materials are Paraffin wax, Polythene, Ebonite and Glass.
19) Sliding friction are less than limiting friction.
20) EMF is the algebraic sum of potential difference acting in a circuit.
*Hot Topics in Jamb Physics (20 to 30)*
ENGR NASER DAHER 09030302775
21) Electromagnetism is the production of current from Magnet.
22) In a closed circuit, the induced EMF gives rise to induced current.
23) Eddy current is used in damping moving coil, speedometers and induction coil.
24) Transformer steps up or steps down voltage at the same frequency.
25) The Inductor finds application in choke making industry.
26) Choke is used for varying current.
27) The induced voltage is equal to the rate of change of magnetic flux.
28) Solar cells convert sunlight energy directly into electrical energy.
29) Local action is caused by impurity of zinc plate.
30) Eddy current is reduced by lamination.
Hot Key Points In Jamb UTME Physics (30 to 40)
ENGR NASER DAHER 09030302775
31) Induction coil is used to step up voltage in DC circuit.
32) Generator operates based on the principle of self induction.
33) DC doesn’t oscillate and as such does not have a frequency.
34) Telephone receiver or earpiece works on the principle of magnetic effect of current.
35) Plane mirrors do not enlarge or reduce the size of object. Object size is the same as image size.
36) Factors affecting resistance are:
Length of conductor.
Area of conductor.
Temperature and
Type of material used.
37) Triangular prism with two convex lenses is used to produce pure spectrum.
38) If light energy is less than the work function, no electron will be emitted and vice versa.
39) Work function is the energy that can produce threshold frequency (W=hf).
40) The uncertainty principle only works for atoms and not irons.
Likely Jamb physics questions to Note (40 to 50)
ENGR NASER DAHER 09030302775
41) The applications of total internal reflection are Mirage and Fish view under water.
42) Binding energy is the reason for mass defect.
43) Bismuth is diamagnetic.
44) Current is the rate of flow of charge.
45) Kirchoff’s current law states that the algebraic sum of currents flowing into the circuit is equal to the algebraic sum of currents leaving the circuit.
46) Kirchoff’s voltage law states that the sum of all the voltages around circuit loop is equal to zero.
47) Example of refrigerants are Ammonia and Ethyl Chloride.
48) Kaleidoscope is designed to obtain different color patterns.
49) To convert a Galvanometer to Ammeter, a low
called shunt is connected in parallel with the meter.
50) As temperature increases, the speed of sound increases.
Is your man ENGR NASER DAHER, 09030302775
OUR today's LECTURE IS HOT TOPICS AND POINTS ON PHYSICS
contact ENGR NASER DAHER on Facebook
Call /WHATSAPP 09030302775 to be added.
*Key Points on Jamb Physics hot topics (1 to 10)*
1) The classification of Wave are:
Mechanical Wave (E.g Water and Sound Wave)
Electromagnetic Wave (E.g Gamma and X-Rays)
Progressive/Travelling Wave (Water And Sound)
Stationary/Standing Wave (Nodes And Antinodes)
Longitudinal Wave (E.g Sound Waves)
Transverse Wave (E.g Waves in Pipe and Strings).
2) Stationary Wave occur when two interfering waves of the same amplitude and frequency travel in opposite direction.
3) Velocity of Sound In:
Air is 332m/s
Water (Liquid) is 1435m/s
Iron (Solid) is 5000m/s
4) The velocity of Echo is equal to the total distance traveled by the sound divided by the time taken.
5) The quality of sound depends on the number of overtones or harmonics. It makes it possible to distinguish between two instruments playing the same note.
6) Vibration can either be free, forced or resonance.
7) Eclipse occurs due to the travel of light in a straight line.
8) The application of plane mirrors are Periscope, Kaleidoscope and Sextant.
9) Refraction occurs at constant frequency.
10) Hydrogen spectrum has all colors of white light, Sodium vapour has yellow line (spectrum) and Mercury vapour has Blue and Green spectrum.
*Hot Points And Topics In Jamb Physics (10 to 20)*
ENGR NASER DAHER 09030302775
11) Another word for electrolysis is the chemical effect of current.
12) Passage of current through liquid doesn’t obey Ohms law.
13) Magnetic fields are oval in shape.
14) Angle of dip is 90 degree at the magnetic poles and zero at the equator.
15) The strength of Magnet is greatest at the pole.
16) All electric charges are multiples of the charges of an electron.
17) Factors affecting capacitance are: Area of plates, distance between the plates and dielectrics between the plates.
18) Examples of dielectric materials are Paraffin wax, Polythene, Ebonite and Glass.
19) Sliding friction are less than limiting friction.
20) EMF is the algebraic sum of potential difference acting in a circuit.
*Hot Topics in Jamb Physics (20 to 30)*
ENGR NASER DAHER 09030302775
21) Electromagnetism is the production of current from Magnet.
22) In a closed circuit, the induced EMF gives rise to induced current.
23) Eddy current is used in damping moving coil, speedometers and induction coil.
24) Transformer steps up or steps down voltage at the same frequency.
25) The Inductor finds application in choke making industry.
26) Choke is used for varying current.
27) The induced voltage is equal to the rate of change of magnetic flux.
28) Solar cells convert sunlight energy directly into electrical energy.
29) Local action is caused by impurity of zinc plate.
30) Eddy current is reduced by lamination.
Hot Key Points In Jamb UTME Physics (30 to 40)
ENGR NASER DAHER 09030302775
31) Induction coil is used to step up voltage in DC circuit.
32) Generator operates based on the principle of self induction.
33) DC doesn’t oscillate and as such does not have a frequency.
34) Telephone receiver or earpiece works on the principle of magnetic effect of current.
35) Plane mirrors do not enlarge or reduce the size of object. Object size is the same as image size.
36) Factors affecting resistance are:
Length of conductor.
Area of conductor.
Temperature and
Type of material used.
37) Triangular prism with two convex lenses is used to produce pure spectrum.
38) If light energy is less than the work function, no electron will be emitted and vice versa.
39) Work function is the energy that can produce threshold frequency (W=hf).
40) The uncertainty principle only works for atoms and not irons.
Likely Jamb physics questions to Note (40 to 50)
ENGR NASER DAHER 09030302775
41) The applications of total internal reflection are Mirage and Fish view under water.
42) Binding energy is the reason for mass defect.
43) Bismuth is diamagnetic.
44) Current is the rate of flow of charge.
45) Kirchoff’s current law states that the algebraic sum of currents flowing into the circuit is equal to the algebraic sum of currents leaving the circuit.
46) Kirchoff’s voltage law states that the sum of all the voltages around circuit loop is equal to zero.
47) Example of refrigerants are Ammonia and Ethyl Chloride.
48) Kaleidoscope is designed to obtain different color patterns.
49) To convert a Galvanometer to Ammeter, a low
called shunt is connected in parallel with the meter.
50) As temperature increases, the speed of sound increases.
Is your man ENGR NASER DAHER, 09030302775
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