WAEC GCE JAN FEB GEOGRAPHY
*COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY- JAN/FEB WAEC GCE BY WORLD EXPO TEAM* ==============
1 ai)
Characteristic of Domestic trade
i ) Domestic trade is carried on within the
boundaries of one country .
ii) In Domestic trade goods are carried on from one place to another place through railways and roadways .
iii ) In Domestic trade payment is made or
received in local currency .
iv ) In Domestic trade wide choice of goods are available .
1 aii )
Characteristics of International Trade:
i ) Separation of Buyers and Producers
ii) Foreign trade involves payments in foreign currency .
iii ) Restrictions :
Imports and exports involve a number of restrictions but by
different countries .
iv ) there is Need for Middlemen:
1 b )
I ) By use of improved means of transportation and communication links
Ii ) By the use of fixed currencies
Iii ) Improvement in the level of technology
1c 1. Territorial specialization:
International trade takes place basically due to geographical specialisation. Every country specialises in the production of goods and services in which it has a specific advantage.
For example, India has specific advantage in the production of jute and tea. Therefore, India exports these commodities to U.K. India imports steel from U.K. which U.K. can produce at a lower cost than India.
2. International competition:
Producers from many countries complete with another to sell their products. Therefore, there is intense competition in international trade. Here the quality, design, packing, price, advertisement, etc., all play a significant role in deciding the winner in the market.
3. Separation of sellers from buyers:
In international trade sellers and buyers belong to different countries. They may have no chance of ever meeting one another. Therefore, they have to depend upon middlemen for transactions.
4. Long chain of middlemen:
The procedure of international trade is very long and complex. It is very difficult for buyers and sellers to perform all the formalities themselves. They require the services of expert middlemen such as, indent houses, forwarding agents, clearing agents, foreign exchange banks, etc.
5. Mutually acceptable currency:
The currencies of importing and exporting countries generally are different. Therefore, it is necessary to find out a mutually acceptable currency. Generally, dollar and pound sterling are selected. These currencies are known as hard currencies because they are acceptable all over the world.
6. International rules and regulations:
Businessmen engaged in international trade require knowledge of international laws and trade restrictions.
7. Government control:
The government of every country exercises control over imports and exports for national interest.
8. Several documents:
A large number of documents are required in international trade.
2a (i) International migration is a global phenomenon that is growing in scope, complexity and impact. Migration is both a cause and effect of broader development processes and an intrinsic feature of our ever globalizing world.
2a (ii) Seasonal Migration — The periodic movement of a population from one region or climate to another in accordance with the yearly cycle
2b (i) A source region might be an ocean, a large forest, a desert, or open grasslands. Source regions must be large and have similar, or uniform, traits throughout.
2b (ii) A destination region is a geographical area consisting of all the services and infrastructure necessary for the stay of a specific tourist or tourism segment. Destinations are the competitive units of incoming tourism.:
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
(3a)
(i) It shorten the distance between countries
(ii) It is the cheapest means of transportation between countries
(iii) It helps in transportation of bulky goods from one country to another country during international trade.
(iv) It is relatively safe for transportation for international trade.
(3b)
(i) It limits diffusion of ideas and technology: Poor transportation limits the diffusion of the new ideas and technology or innovations which contributes to economic growth
(ii) It limits industrial growth: Poor transportation does limit industrial growth as raw materials, services and finished goods are not easily transported to the points of their need.
(iii) It discourages investors: Investors are usually discouraged where there are poor development in transportation
(iv) Inadequate exploitation of natural resources: Poor transportation can limit effective exploitation of natural resources in the area which tends to affect the Economic growth of a nation.
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
(4ai)
Import substitution industrialization (ISI) is a trade and economic policy which advocates replacing foreign imports with domesticproduction.
(4aii)
(i)petrochemical
(ii)iron
(iii)breweries
(iv)textiles
(4b)
(i)To reduce unemployment
(ii)import substitution policies allow a nation to be completely self-sufficient.
(iii)to protect domestic industries fr
1 ai)
Characteristic of Domestic trade
i ) Domestic trade is carried on within the
boundaries of one country .
ii) In Domestic trade goods are carried on from one place to another place through railways and roadways .
iii ) In Domestic trade payment is made or
received in local currency .
iv ) In Domestic trade wide choice of goods are available .
1 aii )
Characteristics of International Trade:
i ) Separation of Buyers and Producers
ii) Foreign trade involves payments in foreign currency .
iii ) Restrictions :
Imports and exports involve a number of restrictions but by
different countries .
iv ) there is Need for Middlemen:
1 b )
I ) By use of improved means of transportation and communication links
Ii ) By the use of fixed currencies
Iii ) Improvement in the level of technology
1c 1. Territorial specialization:
International trade takes place basically due to geographical specialisation. Every country specialises in the production of goods and services in which it has a specific advantage.
For example, India has specific advantage in the production of jute and tea. Therefore, India exports these commodities to U.K. India imports steel from U.K. which U.K. can produce at a lower cost than India.
2. International competition:
Producers from many countries complete with another to sell their products. Therefore, there is intense competition in international trade. Here the quality, design, packing, price, advertisement, etc., all play a significant role in deciding the winner in the market.
3. Separation of sellers from buyers:
In international trade sellers and buyers belong to different countries. They may have no chance of ever meeting one another. Therefore, they have to depend upon middlemen for transactions.
4. Long chain of middlemen:
The procedure of international trade is very long and complex. It is very difficult for buyers and sellers to perform all the formalities themselves. They require the services of expert middlemen such as, indent houses, forwarding agents, clearing agents, foreign exchange banks, etc.
5. Mutually acceptable currency:
The currencies of importing and exporting countries generally are different. Therefore, it is necessary to find out a mutually acceptable currency. Generally, dollar and pound sterling are selected. These currencies are known as hard currencies because they are acceptable all over the world.
6. International rules and regulations:
Businessmen engaged in international trade require knowledge of international laws and trade restrictions.
7. Government control:
The government of every country exercises control over imports and exports for national interest.
8. Several documents:
A large number of documents are required in international trade.
2a (i) International migration is a global phenomenon that is growing in scope, complexity and impact. Migration is both a cause and effect of broader development processes and an intrinsic feature of our ever globalizing world.
2a (ii) Seasonal Migration — The periodic movement of a population from one region or climate to another in accordance with the yearly cycle
2b (i) A source region might be an ocean, a large forest, a desert, or open grasslands. Source regions must be large and have similar, or uniform, traits throughout.
2b (ii) A destination region is a geographical area consisting of all the services and infrastructure necessary for the stay of a specific tourist or tourism segment. Destinations are the competitive units of incoming tourism.:
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
(3a)
(i) It shorten the distance between countries
(ii) It is the cheapest means of transportation between countries
(iii) It helps in transportation of bulky goods from one country to another country during international trade.
(iv) It is relatively safe for transportation for international trade.
(3b)
(i) It limits diffusion of ideas and technology: Poor transportation limits the diffusion of the new ideas and technology or innovations which contributes to economic growth
(ii) It limits industrial growth: Poor transportation does limit industrial growth as raw materials, services and finished goods are not easily transported to the points of their need.
(iii) It discourages investors: Investors are usually discouraged where there are poor development in transportation
(iv) Inadequate exploitation of natural resources: Poor transportation can limit effective exploitation of natural resources in the area which tends to affect the Economic growth of a nation.
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
(4ai)
Import substitution industrialization (ISI) is a trade and economic policy which advocates replacing foreign imports with domesticproduction.
(4aii)
(i)petrochemical
(ii)iron
(iii)breweries
(iv)textiles
(4b)
(i)To reduce unemployment
(ii)import substitution policies allow a nation to be completely self-sufficient.
(iii)to protect domestic industries fr
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